Evaluating Reasoning (The Parts)
A framework for critically evaluating written reasoning by examining eight elements: purpose, question, information, concepts, assumptions, inferences, point of view, and implications.
THE IDEA
Evaluating Reasoning (The Parts)
In addition to questioning a text analytically, we can question it evaluatively by applying intellectual standards to the elements of reasoning:
- Focusing on the author’s Purpose: Is the author’s purpose well-stated or clearly implied? Is it justifiable?
- Focusing on the key Question which the written piece answers: Is the question at issue well-stated (or clearly implied)? Is it clear and unbiased? Does the expression of the question do justice to the complexity of the matter at issue? Are the question and purpose directly relevant to each other?
- Focusing on the most important Information presented by the author: Does the writer cite relevant evidence, experiences, and/or information essential to the issue? Is the information accurate? Does the writer address the complexities of the issue?
- Focusing on the most fundamental Concepts at the heart of the author’s reasoning: Does the writer clarify key ideas when necessary? Are the ideas relevant and significant?
- Focusing on the author’s Assumptions: Does the writer show a sensitivity to what he or she is taking for granted or assuming? Does the writer use questionable assumptions without addressing problems inherent in those assumptions?
- Focusing on the most important Inferences or conclusions in the written piece: Do the inferences made and conclusions drawn clearly follow from the information relevant to the issue, or does the author jump to unjustifiable conclusions? Does the author consider alternative conclusions where the issue is complex? Can you identify any flaws in the reasoning?
- Focusing on the author’s Point of View: Does the author show a sensitivity to alternative relevant viewpoints or lines of reasoning? Does s/he consider and respond to objections from other relevant points of view?
- Focusing on Implications: Does the writer display a sensitivity to the implications and consequences of the position s/he is taking?
When to use it
Analyzing a persuasive essay in a writing or rhetoric class to assess its logical strength.
Evaluating a policy proposal during a business meeting to identify hidden assumptions or implications.
Reviewing a research paper's argument in a lab meeting or journal club to ensure rigorous thinking.
Critiquing a friend's argument in a debate or discussion to help them improve their reasoning.
FROM THEORY TO EVERYDAY LIFE
In practice
Analyzing a Political Speech
Use the eight elements to evaluate a political speech. For example, examine the speaker's purpose (to persuade, inform, or incite), the question they are addressing (e.g., 'What is the best policy for immigration?'), the information they present (statistics, anecdotes), their underlying assumptions (e.g., that immigration is a threat), the concepts they use (e.g., 'security,' 'fairness'), the inferences they draw (e.g., that stricter controls are needed), their point of view (e.g., nationalist perspective), and the implications of their position (e.g., social division or increased safety).
Evaluating a Scientific Article in Journal Club
Apply the framework to a research paper. Identify the authors' purpose (to test a hypothesis), the research question, the information (data, methods), key concepts (e.g., 'statistical significance'), assumptions (e.g., that the sample is representative), conclusions drawn, the point of view (e.g., a particular theoretical framework), and implications for the field. This helps uncover hidden biases or leaps in reasoning.
A MOMENT TO REFLECT
Put it to work.
Choose a recent article or opinion piece you have read. Apply each of the eight elements to evaluate the reasoning. Which element was most revealing about potential flaws?
Think of a situation where you were convinced by an argument that later turned out to be weak. Which of the eight elements (purpose, question, information, concepts, assumptions, inferences, point of view, implications) might have been overlooked?
How does considering alternative viewpoints (point of view) strengthen your evaluation of a text? Give a concrete example from a current event.
CONTINUE THE CONVERSATION
Source texts
- The Art of Asking Essential Questions Based on Critical Thinking Concepts and Socratic Principles (Linda Elder, Richard Paul)